Indice del volumen Volume index
Comité Editorial Editorial Board
Comité Científico Scientific Committee
- To be on drugs which can influence the uric acid metabolism (example: allopurinol)
- To be on drugs which can influence the proximal tubular function (example: aminoglycosides, etc.)
- Presence of chronic kidney disease of tubule-instersticial cause
- Presence of chronic kidney disease of glomerular cause
DESCRIPTION OF THE FRACTIONAL EXCRETION OF PHOSPHORUS AND FRACTIONAL EXCRETION OF URIC ACID CURVES RELATED TO PROGRESSIVE DECREASE OF GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE PATIENTS
Carlos G. Musso1,2, Sergio Terrasa3, Maria Risso1, Sofía Sallustio1, Valentin Sueiro1, Jose Jauregui2, Javier Deira4, Juan F. Macías Núñez2,5
1Physiology Department. Instituto Universitario del Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires. Argentina 2Ageing Biology Unit. Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires. Argentina 3Family Medicine Service. Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Argentina 4Department of Internal Medicine. Nephrology Service, San Pedro de Alcántara Hospital, Cáceres, España 5Emeritus Professor of Nephrology and Director FIIPERVA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, España
carlos.musso @ hospitalitaliano.org.ar
Rev Electron Biomed / Electron J Biomed 2017;3:40-47
Comment of the reviewer Mariana Ciocchini, MD. DAOMI, Centro Integral de Nefrología, associated to Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Comment of the reviewer Rossina Elizabeth Juarez, MD. Climedica Hospital. Buenos Aires, Argentina
SUMMARY:
It is a widely known fact that in the patient with chronic kidney disease, as the glomerular filtration rate decreases, the fractional excretion of electrolytes and nitrogenous substances increases. However, the curve that graphs this correlation for the handling of phosphorus and uric acid in this population has not been described yet. The concern arose to describe the curve that reflects the progressive change in the fractional excretion of two substances of eminent proximal tubular management, one by tubular reabsorption (phosphorus) and the other by tubular secretion (uric acid), given that these curves could be used in clinical practice to evaluate how tubular functions are in a patient with chronic kidney disease.
Material and Method: In 32 patients with different stages of chronic kidney disease secondary to glomerular causes (stages I to V), creatinine clearance (CC) and fractional excretion (FE) of phosphorus and uric acid were obtained. Then, the correlation between CC and both FEs was evaluated. Results: Spearman correlation between CC and FE of phosphorus: - 0.8 (p <0.001) and between CC and FE of uric acid: - 0.4 (p = 0.005).
Conclusion: A significant and inverse correlation was found between the value of creatinine clearance and the fractional excretion of phosphorus and uric acid in patients suffering from chronic kidney disease.
KEY WORDS: : Chronic kidney disease. Fractional excretion of phosphate. Fractional excretion of uric acid.
RESUMEN: DESCRIPCIÓN DE LA CURVA DE EXCRECIÓN FRACCIONAL DE FÓSFORO Y EXCRECIÓN FRACCIONAL DE ÁCIDO ÚRICO EN FUNCIÓN DE LA CAÍDA PROGRESIVA DEL FILTRADO GLOMERULAR EN PACIENTES PORTADORES DE ENFERMEDAD RENAL CRÓNICA DE ETIOLOGÍA GLOMERULAR
Es un hecho ampliamente conocido que en el paciente portador de enfermedad renal crónica, a medida que desciende su filtrado glomerular, se incrementa la excreción fraccional de electrolitos y sustancias nitrogenadas. Sin embargo, no se ha descripto aun la curva que grafica dicha correlación para el manejo del fósforo y del ácido úrico en dicha población. Surgió entonces la inquietud de describir la curva que refleja el cambio progresivo de la excreción fraccional de dos sustancias de eminente manejo tubular proximal, una por medio de la reabsorción tubular (fosforo) y la otra por medio de la secreción tubular (ácido úrico), dado que dichas curvas podrían ser utilizadas en la práctica clínica para evaluar cómo se encuentran en un paciente portador de enfermedad renal crónica dichas funciones tubulares.
Material y Método: In 32 pacientes portadores de distintos estadios de enfermedad renal crónica segundarias a causas glomerulares (estadios I al V) se obtuvo el clearance de creatinina (CC) y la excreción fraccional (EF) de fósforo y acido úrico en orina de 24 horas. Luego se evaluó la correlación entre CC y ambas EF.
Resultados: Correlación de Spearman entre CC y EFF: - 0.8 (p < 0.001) y entre CC y EFAU: - 0.4 (p = 0.005).
Conclusión: Se documentó una correlación significativa e inversa entre el valor del aclaramiento de creatinina y la excreción fraccional de fósforo y de ácido úrico en pacientes portadores de enfermedad renal crónica.
PALABRAS CLAVE: Enfermedad renal crónica. Excreción fraccional de fósforo. Excreción fraccional de ácido úrico
INTRODUCTION
It is a widely known fact that in the case of a patient who suffers from chronic kidney disease, as his/her glomerular filtration rate decreases, his/her fractional excretion of electrolytes and nitrogenous substances increases. This phenomenon explains why the serum levels of such substances stay at a normal range until patient´s glomerular filtration rate decreases below a cut off value which varies in case of nitrogenous waste (urea, uric acid), divalent ions (calcium, phosphate, magnesium) or monovalent ions (sodium, potassium, chloride)1. Nevertheless, to our knowledge, it has only been described in patients who suffer from chronic kidney disease, the curve which relates the progressive decrease of the glomerular filtration rate with the corresponding increase of the fractional excretion rate of sodium and potassium2.
On the other hand, the importance of not only evaluating the glomerular function in chronic kidney disease but also the tubular function since its participates in the elimination of uremic toxins which due to its size cannot be eliminated via the glomerulus, is increasingly more recognized nowadays3.
Therefore, arose the question of describing the curve that reflects the progressive change from the fractional excretion of two substances of eminent proximal tubular handling, one of them through tubular reabsorption (phosphate) and the other through tubular secretion (uric acid), since such curves could be used in the clinical practice to evaluate how a patient who suffers from chronic kidney disease handles such tubular functions.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
In 32 patients who suffer from different stages of chronic kidney disease secondary to glomerular causes (stages I to V) creatininemia, phosphatemia, uricemia in serum and 24-hour urine samples were measured.
Exclusion criteria:
Inclusion criteria:
The creatinine clearance (CC) value was expressed in mL/min/1.73 m² and it was obtained on this equation4:
The fractional excretion value (FE) was expressed in percentage (%) and obtained based on this equation:
/ serum ) x (serum creatinine / urine creatinine)] x 100Being
phosphorus or uric acid
Since phosphorus has a a plasmatic protein binding of approximately 30%, serum values of such substances were multiplied by 0.7 before calculating its fractional excretion rate. This correction (0.7 multiplication) was not necessary to obtain the fractional excretion of uric acid (FEUA) since it has low binding to serum proteins (<5%).
The fractional excretion of phosphorus (FEP) was obtained in the 32 patients studied while the fractional excretion of uric acid (FEUA) was obtained in only 21 of them.
All the patients consented to having their tests carried out.
RESULTS :
Based on he obtained data, two curves were outlined, resulting on one hand the different levels of creatinine clearance (abscise) based on normal values to very low, and on the other hand the value corresponding to the fractional excretion of phosphorus (ordered) in one of the curves (Figure 1), and uric acid (ordinate) on the other curve (Figure 2).
There was an inverse and significant correlation between the clearance values and the FE values of phosphorus and uric acid:
Spearman Correlation between CC and FEP: - 0.8 (p < 0.001),
Spearman Correlation between CC and FEUA: - 0.4 (p = 0.005)
Therefore, a significant correlation was documented between the decrease in creatinine clearance and the increase in the fractional excretion of phosphorus and uric acid in patients who suffer from chronic nephropathy secondary to glomerolopathies.
DISCUSSION
The present study is, to our knowledge, the first which has achieved in providing a graphic expression to an already known phenomenon which is that the fractional excretion of phosphorus and uric acid increase progressively as the glomerular filtration rate decreases in chronic kidney disease. Among the mechanisms which contribute to this progressive increase of the fractional excretion rate of these substances has been described that3,4:
There is an increase in the serum levels of these substances due to the decrease in the glomerular filtration rate secondary to kidney disease, which leads to the increase in the gradient between the concentration of substances in blood of the peritubular capillaries and its concentration in pre-urine of the tubular lumen.
The increase of urinary flow in the remaining healthy nephrons which is a consequence of the compensatory hyperfiltration they are subjected to, which reduces its capacity of tubular reabsorption.
The inhibition of the proximal reabsorption of phosphorus under the effect of paratohormone, whose levels tend to increase in chronic kidney disease.
The increase of the activity of the transporter system of organic acid, which contributes to increase the secretion of uric acid.
It is important to mention that their treatment with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) or antagonists of the angiotensin II receptor (ARA), drugs of eminent proximal distal tubular action were not suspended in purpose, due to the fact that the curves of fractional excretion of phosphorus and uric acid could be useful to evaluate the proximal tubular function in patients with chronic nephropathy, who are normally receiving these kind of drugs, which is why it was decided to describe these curves with the patients under the effect of such drugs, to be able to reflect the habitual context in which such graphics could be used.
Additionally, the fact that the patients with chronic kidney disease are normally medicated with these type of drugs (ACEI, ARA) which reduce the distal potassium secretion, makes the curve which correlates the fractional excretion of potassium with the glomerular filtration rate reduction in chronic kidney disease (described by Battle et a.) not useful for monitoring tubular function in this population2.
CONCLUSION
There is a significant and inverse correlation between the creatinine clearance value and fractional excretion of phosphorus and uric acid in patients with chronic kidney disease.
REFERENCES
1) Swartz R. Fluids, electrolytes, and acid-base changes during renal failure. In Kokko J, Tannen R (Eds.). Fluids and electrolytes. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1996: 496-499.
2) Batlle DC, Arruda JA, Kurtzman NA.Hyperkalemic distal renal tubular acidosis associated with obstructive uropathy.N Engl J Med. 1981;304(7):373-380.
3) Suchy-Dicey AM, Laha T, Hoofnagle A, Newitt R, Sirich TL, Meyer TW, Thummel KE, Yanez ND, Himmelfarb J, Weiss NS, Kestenbaum BR. Tubular Secretion in CKD.J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016; 27: 2148-2155.
4) Clarkson M, Magee C, Brenner B. The kidney. Philadelphia. Saunders. 2010.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare not having any conflict of interests.
CORRESPONDENCE:
Dr. Carlos G. Musso
Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires.
Buenos Aires.
Argentina
Email: carlos.musso @ hospitalitaliano.org.ar
Comentario de la revisora Mariana Ciocchini, MD. DAOMI, Centro Integral de Nefrología, associated to Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Given the clear prognostic relevance of the chronic alterations that accompany the glomerulopathies, including those that occur at the tubular level, some classifications have long been contemplated, as in the case of lupus nephritis. Recently, a score has been proposed that includes tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis (IFTA), global or segmental glomerulosclerosis and atherosclerosis / arteriolosclerosis, with the purpose of grading said alterations and ranking them within the pathological report of renal biopsies1
For this reason, the importance of study as the present that explore the way to create clinical instruments to be able to evaluate in a relatively simple and inexpensive way tubular function in chronic renal patients.
Reference:
1. Sethi S, D'Agati VD, Nast CC, Fogo AB, De Vriese AS, Markowitz GS, Glassock RJ, Fervenza FC, Seshan SV, Rule A, Racusen LC, Radhakrishnan J, Winearls CG, Appel GB, Bajema IM, Chang A, Colvin RB, Cook HT, Hariharan S, Herrera Hernandez LP, Kambham N, Mengel M, Nath KA, Rennke HG, Ronco P, Rovin BH, Haas M. A proposal for standardized grading of chronic changes in native kidney biopsy specimens. Kidney Int 2017;91(4):787-789.
Comentario de la revisora Rossina Elizabeth Juarez, MD. Climedica Hospital. Buenos Aires, Argentina
In this work the authors have been able to describe in an original way the curve that correlates the fractional excretion of two substances of eminent proximal tubular management (phosphorus and uric acid) in relation to the fall of the glomerular filtrate rate secondary to chronic kidney disease.
It is very interesting the proposal to evaluate the tubular function in chronic renal patients given the importance of this renal function possesses in the elimination of uraemic substances by tubular secretion. It is a very interesting idea that deserves to be explored in depth by future studies. .