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    Rev Electron Biomed / Electron J Biomed 2022;1: 2-7.-

    Editorial:

    CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES AND miRNA

    Pilar Muñiz Rodríguez

    Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular. Dpto. de Biotecnología y Ciencia de los Alimentos. Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad de Burgos.
    España

    pmuniz @ ubu.es

    Spanish version

      Cardiovascular diseases are progressive and complex diseases that include hypercholesterolemia, cardiomyopathies, aneurysms, etc. To detect these diseases in time, is essential for their prevention and adequate treatment. At present, their prognosis is still poor despite the advances in pharmacological and surgical treatments.

      At present, different studies analyse the detection of cardiovascular diseases using miRNAs as biomarkers. It is known, that changes in the miRNA expression contribute to cardiovascular diseases 1-3.. miRNAs are a family of small RNA that encode molecules of 18 to 25 nucleotides whose function is the post-transcriptional regulation of specific genes. miRNAs act as modulators of gene expression affecting mRNA stability and are involved in the modulation of numerous signaling pathways and cellular processes.

      The role of different miRNAs involved in the development of cardiovascular diseases has been described 3-7. miRNA-199, miRNA-590, miRNA-15 and miRNA-133 participate in heart muscle processing, modulating the activity of cell cycle. Adult mice with infarction, treated with miRNA-199 and miRNA-590 improve cardiac function because promotes myocardial regeneration6. miR-15 family of microRNAs modulates neonatal heart regeneration through inhibition of postnatal cardiomyocyte proliferation. Therefore, inhibition of the miRNA-15 family increases myocyte proliferation in the adult heart and improves left ventricular systolic function7.

      Other miRNAs are involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. In endothelial dysfunction (miRNA-23, miRNA-27a, miRNA-130a, miRNA-133a), cell adhesion (miRNA-27a / b, miRNA-221) formation of atherosclerotic plaques (miRNA-130a, miRNA-21, miRNA-144), inflammation, migration and activation of monocytes in the vascular walls (miRNA-27a, miRNA-203), formation of lipoproteins (miRNA-122, miRNA-133a / b), thrombocyte activity (miRNA-27a, miRNA-633), smooth muscle cell function (miRNA-26, miRNA-195)8-10. Furthermore, some studies observed that miRNA quantification in serum, as miRNA-203, correlates with the expression of myocardial tissue and is correlated with the extent of atherosclerosis10.

      In addition to its role as a prognosis of cardiovascular disease, recent studies indicate its potential use in cardiovascular therapy. Whether the miRNAs are overexpressed then their expression must be inhibited or if they are inhibited then is necessary to replace them. Different strategies can be followed, such as treatment with adenovirus with miRNAs or synthetic oligonucleotides that simulate endogenous miRNAs11. Other strategies for endogenous miRNAs inhibition include the use of antimiRNAs, miRNA sponges, and small inhibitory molecules12.


      REFERENCES

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        2.- Hata A. Functions of microRNAs in cardiovascular biology and disease. Annu Rev Physiol. 2013;75:69-93.

        3.- Small EM, Olson EN. Pervasive roles of microRNAs in cardiovascular biology. Nature 2011;469(7330):336.

        4.- Ono K, Kuwabara Y, Han J. MicroRNAs and cardiovascular diseases. FEBS J 2011;278(10):1619-33.

        5.- Samira Kalayinia, Fateme Arjmand, Majid Maleki, Mahshid Malakootian, Chandra Pal Singh. MicroRNAs: roles in cardiovascular development and disease Cardiovascular Pathology 50 (2021) 107296

        6.- Eulalio A, Mano M, Dal Ferro M, et al. Functional screening identifies miRNAs inducing cardiac regeneration. Nature. 2012;492: 376-381

        7.- Porrello ER, Mahmoud AI, Simpson E, et al. Regulation of neonatal and adult mammalian heart regeneration by the miR-15 family. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2013;110:187-192.

        8.- Laflamme MA, Zbinden S, Epstein SE, Murry CE. Cell-based therapy for myocardial ischemia and infarction: Pathophysiological mechanisms. Annu Rev Pathol. 2007;2:307-339.

        9.- Wojciechowska A, Braniewska A, Kozar-Kami?ska K. (2017) MicroRNA in cardiovascular biology and disease. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2017;26(5):865-874

        10.- Baranova EI, Galagudza MM, Shlyakhto EV. Association of myocardial and serum miRNA expression patterns with the presence and extent of coronary artery disease: A cross-sectional study. Int J Cardiol. 2021 Jan 1;322:9-15.

        11.- Arabian M, Mirzadeh Azad F, Maleki M, Malakootian M. Insights into role of microRNAs in cardiac development, cardiac diseases, and developing novel therapies. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2020;23(8):961-969.

        12.- Karapetsas A, Tokamani M, Kolettas E, Sandaltzopoulos R . Novel microRNAs as putative therapeutic targets in cardiovascular diseases. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2015;13(5):564-5 .



      CORRESPONDENCE
      Prof. Pilar Muñiz Rodríguez
      Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular.
      Dpto. de Biotecnología y Ciencia de los Alimentos.
      Facultad de Ciencias.
      Universidad de Burgos.
      Burgos. España
      Email: pmuniz @ ubu.es